语言与文风2010en.wikipedia.org
花园小径句
Garden path sentence
导读
这篇维基条目解释“花园路径句”:句子开头引导读者按一种句法结构理解,读到后半句才发现走错,只能回读重析。对写作者来说,它提醒我们歧义不只来自生词,也来自语序、标点和主谓距离;评论进一步给出了可操作的修改方向。
可以直接用的写作要点
- 01
别把太多修饰语堆在主语部分,让谓语动词尽早出现;读者越晚看到动词,句子越松散、越容易误读。
- 02
谨慎用逗号切分意群,帮助读者避开错误的句法路径;但标点只是辅助,结构本身清楚更重要。
- 03
检查悬空介词和复杂后置修饰,它们常让读者把前半句归到错误的结构里。
- 04
写完做一次“首次阅读”测试:如果读到后面需要回头重析,就调整语序或改写那句话。
HN 评论精选
控制主语长度并尽早给出谓语动词,可同时减少歧义、让文笔更紧凑。
恰当使用逗号有助于避免误读。我还想冒昧指出(哪怕听起来像爱抱怨的规定语法学家),许多花园路径句是通过悬空介词造成歧义的,例如“做衣服所用的棉花生长在密西西比”。但最常见的模式似乎只是把太多词塞进主语部分,例如“开过谷仓的那辆车撞了”。我们直到最后一个词才读到动词,这不仅容易产生歧义,也让文笔松散。把谓语动词前置,会写出更紧凑、更利落的句子。
RyanMcGreal查看英文原文
A judicious use of commas helps to avoid misinterpretation. I'd also hazard to note, at the risk of sounding like a get-off-my-lawn prescriptive grammarian, that many garden path sentences achieve their ambiguity via hanging prepositions, e.g.: >The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi. Yet the most general pattern seems to be a simple matter of loading too many words into the subject clause [1], e.g.: >The car driven past the barn crashed. We don't reach the verb until the last word, which not only opens the door to ambiguity but also produces flaccid prose. You will produce tighter, sharper sentences by front-loading the predicate verb. [1] - edited from "too many clauses" as per telemachos's astute reply.
极端例句说明,标点和词界不清会让读者无法判断短语如何分组。
相关且很有趣:有一份维基列表专门收集用例句展示各种奇怪语言结构的句子。我最喜欢 Martin Gardner 的例子:关于在“Fish-And-Chips”招牌中的 Fish、And、And、And、Chips 这些词之间加连字符的那句话,如果能在 Fish 前、Fish 与 and 之间、以及各个 and/And 之间和 Chips 后都加上引号,会不会更清楚?
edanm查看英文原文
Related, also very funny, a list of sentences used as examples to show various weird language constructs: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_linguistic_example_sentences. My favorite: "In a similar vein, Martin Gardner offered the example: Wouldn't the sentence "I want to put a hyphen between the words Fish and And and And and Chips in my Fish-And-Chips sign" have been clearer if quotation marks had been placed before Fish, and between Fish and and, and and and And, and And and and, and and and And, and And and and, and and and Chips, as well as after Chips?"
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