语言与文风2019historytoday.com
翻译中的陷阱:用两种语言撰写条约容易出问题
Lost in Translation: Writing treaties in two languages can lead to problems
导读
文章通过历史上的条约案例说明:同一份文本用两种语言写成时,措辞的细微差异会埋下争端隐患,甚至改变条款的实际含义。对写作者而言,它提醒我们“意思清楚”往往只是在自己语言里的错觉——换一种表达、换一个读者,歧义才会显形。
可以直接用的写作要点
- 01
重要文本定稿前,先明确“出现分歧时以哪一版为准”,写作时也要给自己设定唯一权威版本,避免多份草稿互相矛盾。
- 02
同一个意思用两种说法各写一遍,再对比差异,是发现模糊措辞的实用自查法。
- 03
措辞越含糊,留给解释者的空间越大;关键条款要用更精确的语言锁定含义,宁可啰嗦也不要留白。
- 04
如果双方都不接受对方的语言,可约定用中立的第三种语言作准——写作中也可以用中立的表述替代任何一方的立场用语。
HN 评论精选
多语言正本会暴露措辞差异,但更精确的那一版也能帮助澄清含义。
一个典型例子是建立欧盟的条约:20 多种语言版本每一版都是“正本”,欧洲法院都必须据此审案。判决书里常有整段在辨析不同语言版本措辞之间的隐蔽差异。有意思的是,这既可能带来麻烦,但如果某种语言表达得比其他语言更精确,反而有助于把问题澄清。
chki查看英文原文
A prominent example of this is the Treaty establishing the European Union where every single one of the 20+ language versions is "Canon" and has to be used by the European Court of Justice. There are often judgements with paragraphs devoted to figuring out the hidden differences between certain wordings in different languages. Interestingly this can lead to problems but sometimes it also clears things up if one language is more precise than the others.
解决办法是事先约定优先版本或采用中立第三语言,优先版本未必要人人会用。
这看起来是个已经解决的问题:签约时就约定好发生争议时以哪份译文为准。既然双方多半都不愿意以对方的语言为约束版本,那就用第三种语言(历史上外交语言是法语,现在是英语,现代条约可以任选一种主要世界语言)。多官方语言的国家也要解决同样问题。在爱尔兰,法律的爱尔兰语版本优先。理论上有点尴尬:议员、公务员、法官和律师绝大多数爱尔兰语水平不足以起草、辩论或解释法律,而且法律常常存在多年才有人去翻译、从而产生“定本”。但实践中司法系统大体运转正常。
dmurray查看英文原文
This seems like a solved problem: agree at the time which translation takes precedence in the event of a dispute. Use a third language (historically French was the language of diplomacy, now English, but for modern treaties you could pick any major world language) if, as is likely, neither side likes the idea of the binding version being in the other side's language. The same problem has to be solved in countries with more than one official language. In Ireland, the Irish-language version of a law takes precedence. This is a little awkward in theory since parliamentarians, civil servants, judges and lawyers overwhelmingly do not speak Irish to a sufficient level to draft, debate or interpret the law, and laws often exist for years before anyone gets around to translating them and thereby creating the "definitive version". But in practice, the legal system generally works.
好文本应该先经过“试用/试读”检验,再定稿发布。
作为一名非常看重测试的软件工程师,我有时会希望:法律在批准之前,能先跑一场有约束力的模拟法庭辩论来检验它。
afarrell查看英文原文
As a software engineer who cares deeply about testing, I sometimes find myself wishing that there was a way to run a binding moot court on a law before it got ratified.
译文与原文的细微偏差会被长期固定下来,成为文本的一部分。
在日本,宪法最初是美国人起草的,之后才译成日文,因此日文版和英文版之间存在轻微的措辞差异。
earthboundkid查看英文原文
In Japan, the constitution was originally written by the Americans before being translated, and there are slight wording differences between the Japanese and English.
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