语言与文风2016scientificamerican.com
“不可译”词汇的魔力
The Magic of “Untranslatable” Words
导读
文章讨论“不可译词”的魅力:不同语言会用独特词汇切分经验,但作者仍能用英文阐述这些概念。对写作者来说,它提醒我们词汇差异不等于思想不可表达,翻译和写作要在解释、语境与语气上补足。
可以直接用的写作要点
- 01
不要迷信“某个词无法翻译就等于某种体验无法表达”,可以用短语、句子和语境补足含义。
- 02
写跨文化概念时,先给字面义,再补使用场景、情感色彩和文化预设,避免只丢一个译词。
- 03
借用外来词或缩写(如 FOMO)能丰富表达,但要交代其语境,防止读者误读。
- 04
注意词的褒贬和隐含态度:直译词可能偏中性,而原词带价值判断,需用上下文重建语气。
HN 评论精选
反对词汇决定论:不可译不等于不可表达。
“我们的世界被词汇量解析和限制”这个说法很离谱。语言A的词和语言B的词没有一一对应,不代表不能用词组和句子表达同样内容。作者能用英文写这篇文章并传达这些概念,本身就说明“词汇限制经验”站不住脚。
laretluval查看英文原文
The idea that "our world [is] parsed and circumscribed as it is by the limits of our vocabulary" is nuts. Just because there's not a one-to-one correspondence between a word in a language and a word in another, does not mean you can't express the same content through a combination of words and sentences. The fact that the author was able to write this article and convey these concepts in English shows that the idea that vocabulary limits our experience is incoherent.
缩写可作为吸收外来概念的写作策略。
他列表里的 kiasu 基本就是 FOMO(错失恐惧)。我认为缩写是把这类“不可译词”融入自身文化词汇的一种有趣方式。
newman8r查看英文原文
Kiasu on his list is essentially 'FOMO' - fear of missing out. I think acronyms are an interesting way to integrate some of these untranslatable words into our own cultural lexicon. http://www.drtimlomas.com/#!lexicography/cm4mi
直译会丢失褒贬和文化预设,需靠语境重建。
也有一些词能直译,但语气不完全对等。比如中文“斯文”最直接译成 refined 或 cultured。中文里它褒义很强,几乎可用于任何语境夸任何人,暗示人品和教养好。美式英语 refined 偏中性(甚至近于 effete 的贬义),cultured 虽褒义但不直接指人的品格。可见文化规范和价值观嵌入词汇;即使字面直译也抓不住隐含态度,所以书籍翻译常避免逐字直译。
smallnamespace查看英文原文
There are also vocabulary items that do have direct translations into other languages, but none with the same precise connotation. For example, 斯文 from Chinese most directly translates as 'refined' or 'cultured' in English. In Chinese, the term has a strong positive connotation and can be used an almost any context to compliment any person; it carries the implication that the person is of good character and education. In American English, 'refined' feels mostly neutral (shading into a pejorative with 'effete') and while 'cultured' has a positive connotation, it doesn't directly speak to the person's character. What we see is that cultural norms and values become embedded in the vocabulary of languages. Even a directly, literal translation will not capture the same implied attitude. That's why translations of books and the like tend to avoid close word-for-word readings.
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