小说与文学2014theguardian.com
《1984》:杀死乔治·奥威尔的杰作
1984: The masterpiece that killed George Orwell
导读
《卫报》回顾《1984》的诞生:奥威尔在苏格兰海岛上的严冬里赶稿、病中校对,交稿后不久便去世,文章把这部杰作称为"杀死了乔治·奥威尔的作品"。对写作者而言,它既是一份关于写作代价的警示,也是一堂关于寓言如何超越具体年份、持续生效的课。
可以直接用的写作要点
- 01
把写作当成一件消耗身体与时间的事来排期:截稿压力、恶劣环境与旧疾叠加,会真实地折损写作者,留出余量不是懒惰。
- 02
写"方向"而不是"日期":奥威尔把年份写错了,却把趋势写对了——寓言式设定比精确预言活得更久。
- 03
让宏大的恐惧落在一小群具体的人身上。奥威尔评刘易斯《可怖力量》时,正是抓住"一小群清醒的人对抗几乎征服世界的噩梦"这个结构。
- 04
与其在文中直接喊出警告,不如把警告留在故事里,让读者自己读出来——被读者发现的警示比被作者宣布的更有力。
HN 评论精选
借奥威尔评刘易斯的小说,示范如何用一句话提炼对手作品的核心结构,再用当下的现实证明它并不荒诞。
对《1984》感兴趣的人也许还会喜欢 C.S. 刘易斯的《可怖力量》:一部在原子弹之前就处理反乌托邦科幻未来的作品,出自一位意想不到的作者,而且实际早于《1984》。这里有一篇书评——作者正是奥威尔。奥威尔写道:"他的书描述了一小群清醒的人如何对抗一个几乎征服世界的噩梦。一群疯狂的科学家——或者也许他们并不疯狂,只是在自己身上摧毁了一切人类情感、一切善恶观念——正谋划征服英国,然后是整个星球,再然后是其他星球,直到把宇宙纳入掌控。……这样的阴谋并没有什么荒谬到不可能的地方。事实上,就在此刻,一颗已被宣布'过时'的原子弹刚刚把大概三十万人炸成碎片,这听起来太切合时事了。"
fennecfoxen查看英文原文
People interested in Orwell's 1984 might also be interested in C. S. Lewis's' That Hideous Strength, a pre-Atomic treatment of the dystopian sci-fi future from an unexpected author that actually predates 1984. Here's a review... by Orwell. http://www.lewisiana.nl/orwell/ > His book describes the struggle of a little group of sane people against a nightmare that nearly conquers the world. A company of mad scientists – or, perhaps, they are not mad, but have merely destroyed in themselves all human feeling, all notion of good and evil – are plotting to conquer Britain, then the whole planet, and then other planets, until they have brought the universe under their control. >... > There is nothing outrageously improbable in such a conspiracy. Indeed, at a moment when a single atomic bomb – of a type already pronounced “obsolete” – has just blown probably three hundred thousand people to fragments, it sounds all too topical.
提醒别把作家的死浪漫化为"为一部书耗尽生命",健康、战争创伤与生活习惯都在其中。
这篇文章很有意思,但写作截稿当然只是导致他死亡的部分原因。他在法国当流浪汉、打零工的那段时间健康就已恶化,还因肺炎住过院;在西班牙内战中被法西斯狙击手打穿脖子也没帮上忙,再加上他是个重度烟民。最后,在寒冷潮湿的苏格兰过冬,对任何一个肺不好的人来说都不是好计划。
iaygo查看英文原文
It's an interesting article but of course the writing deadline was only a part of what killed him. His health declined during the period of being a tramp and working menial jobs in France where he was hospitalized with pneumonia. It didn't help being shot through the neck by a fascist sniper in the Spanish Civil War and also being a heavy smoker. Lastly, wintering in cold, wet Scotland isn't a good plan for anyone with bad lungs.
读者从小说里带走的是自己的立场;写作的警示力量来自读者的共鸣,而非作者明说的意图。
我高三时读了这本书,直到今天我仍会把它列为我读过的最有影响的书之一——如果不是唯一一本的话。我知道奥威尔并不是自由意志主义者,但我从书里得到的(大概受我天生反叛、反权威的倾向影响)是对政府的极大不信任……我怀疑这强烈影响了我最终形成的自由意志主义世界观。有人说《一九八四》并不是作为警告写的,也许确实不是——但我很难想象有人读完它却察觉不到其中的警示意味。考虑到过去几年围绕监控与公民自由不断缩减的种种揭露,我觉得这一点更加成立。我鼓励所有还没读过《一九八四》的人立刻去读。如果你读完后没有愤怒至极或悲伤至极、或两者兼有,那你属于稀有品种。
mindcrime查看英文原文
I read that book my senior year in high-school, and to this day I will cite it as one of the - if not THE - most influential books I've ever read. I know Orwell was no libertarian, but what I took from the book (probably influenced by a genetic proclivity towards rebellion and anti-authoritarian thinking) was a tremendous mistrust of government... which I suspect was a strong influence on my eventually settling into a libertarian worldview. Some people say that Nineteen Eighty-Four wasn't written to be a warning, and maybe it wasn't - but I have a hard time seeing how anybody could read it and not discover something of a warning inside. And I think that's even more true given the various revelations over the past few years, vis-a-vis surveillance and diminishing civil liberties. I encourage anybody who hasn't read Nineteen Eighty-Four to go read it immediately. If you aren't either angry has hell, or sad as hell, or both, at the end, you're a rare breed. http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100021.txt
年份会过时,趋势不会——这正是寓言式写作的长处。
在我看来,这本书今天比以往任何时候都更切题。奥威尔也许把日期搞错了,但我认为他没有把人类前进的方向搞错。
PythonicAlpha查看英文原文
It seems to me, this book is more relevant today than ever. Orwell might have erred with the date, but I think he didn't with the direction of human kind.
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