讲故事与叙事2018cjr.org
西摩·赫什谈间谍、国家机密与他未曾讲述的故事
Seymour Hersh on spies, state secrets, and the stories he doesn’t tell
导读
这篇 CJR 访谈围绕调查记者西摩·赫什谈间谍、国家机密以及他选择不写的报道。对写作者的价值在于，它把调查报道的核心难题摆了出来：消息源保护、报道取舍、重磅故事与可信度之间的张力，以及访谈文本如何呈现这些复杂选择。
可以直接用的写作要点
- 01
写调查报道时，把“为何不发表、如何保护消息源”的取舍讲清楚，能增强而不是削弱可信度。
- 02
引用关键受访者原话时补足上下文和前后因果，否则读者只看到跳跃的句子，会怀疑访谈质量。
- 03
评价复杂记者或人物，不要只贴“英雄”或“骗子”标签；并置其重大贡献与失实报道，让判断更可靠。
- 04
选题可以朝向被忽视但大致成立的方向，但每个具体主张仍要有可核查的消息源支撑。
HN 评论精选
赫什既有重大揭丑也有严重失实；评价他应看长期消息源与选题倾向，而非单篇英雄或丑闻。
西摩·赫什因报道阿布格莱布监狱事件而被誉为英雄后，声誉已急剧下滑。他在《伦敦书评》发表一篇几乎被驳倒的文章，称本·拉登被刺杀的全部说法都是谎言；其消息源是一名退休、匿名的国防部雇员转述，而《纽约客》拒绝刊发。他还推广过其他一些报道：若属实影响巨大，但同行支持率异常低。例如他相信美国特种作战司令部由主业会天主教徒的秘密小集团掌控；叙利亚化武袭击的说法不仅是假的，而且是土耳其操弄的假旗行动；美国在伊朗和黎巴嫩积极支持伊斯兰恐怖分子，并在美国本土训练伊朗反政权组织 MEK。这并非新问题：早年他就对肯尼迪政府作过荒诞指控，包括芝加哥黑帮操纵总统选举结果。赫什有两个棘手之处：第一，他偶尔会揭出极具全国重要性的故事；第二，他常把报道方向对准大体成立却少被报道的领域——肯尼迪几乎肯定是最腐败的总统之一，布什政府很可能也确实起了某种作用……
tptacek查看英文原文
Seymour Hersh's reputation has declined precipitously in the years since he was rightly hailed as a hero for breaking the Abu Ghraib story. He was pummeled for publishing, in the LRB, an all-but-refuted story claiming that the entire story about the assassination of Osama Bin Laden was a lie (he relied on the secondhand story of a retired, anonymous defense department employee for his sourcing; his home publication, The New Yorker, refused to run it). He's promoted a number of other stories that, to put it gently, an unusual quotient of support-among- journalists over impact-if-true. Among them, he believes that USSOCOM is run by a secret cabal of Opus Dei Catholics, and that the Syrian chemical attacks aren't just false, but actually a false flag operation run by Turkey. He believes that the US actively supports Islamist terrorists in Iran and in Lebanon, and that the US trained Iranian terrorists (the anti-regime MEK) on US soil. This isn't a new wrinkle in Hersh's career. Early on, he made outlandish claims about the Kennedy administration, including that the Chicago Outfit fixed the result of the Presidential election. Two tricky things about Hersh are first, and most obviously, that he occasionally breaks a story of immense national importance, and secondly, that he tends to orient his reporting in directions that are both largely valid and under-reported. Kennedy was almost surely one of our more crooked presidents. The Bush administration probably did play some kind of footsie with the MEK. But that doesn't make any particular story he reports actually true; in journalism, you can't just end up in the broad vicinity of right.
保护消息源可能让记者压下已知暴行，这是调查写作必须面对的伦理代价。
你写到你知道伊拉克战争期间的暴行，包括美国人用酸液毁掉在酷刑中死亡的被拘留者尸体。但你没有报道，因为切尼会毁掉你的消息源。哇！这是我从未听说过的信息。
farseer查看英文原文
You write that you knew about atrocities during the Iraq War, including Americans destroying with acid the bodies of detainees who had died during torture. But you didn’t report it because Cheney would have destroyed your sources. Wow! That is information I have never heard before.
关键引语若缺少解释和上下文，读者会读不懂，访谈写作就会失败。
“两个月内有人告诉我，不要往电脑里放任何东西，这人还在为切尼工作。我说，‘天哪。’我说，‘别担心，我不会把它连到互联网。’他说，‘你没在听我说话。’我说，‘不。开。玩。笑。吧。’那人说我保护不了他。”什么？这篇访谈写得不好。
mcguire查看英文原文
"I was told within two months not to put anything in the computer by somebody who was still inside working for Cheney. And I said, “Oh, god.” I said, “Don’t worry about it. I’m not going to connect it to the internet.” He says, “You’re not listening to me.” I said, “No. Fucking. Kidding.” The guy said I couldn’t protect him." What? This interview is not well written.
公众问责政府是民主信誉的根基；写作者应把价值判断落到具体问责上。
Matt Taibbi 在《滚石》上写过一篇关于西摩·赫什的漂亮文章。如果价值观被证明空洞、没有实质，世界会更糟。总会有一些现实政治，但在监控、可疑战争和新自由主义之间，民主工程已支离破碎。沙文主义者会为一切辩护，但公众有重大责任追究政府；否则就没有信誉、没有道德高地，这是无法挽回的严重损失，而且已经大幅削弱。
throw2016查看英文原文
Matt Taibbi had a well written piece on Seymour Hersh in the Rolling Stones. [1] The world is a worse place if values are shown to be hollow and lacking substance. There will always be some real politik but between surveillance, dubious wars and neoliberalism the democracy project is in tatters. Jingoists will defend everything but there is a great responsibility on the the general public to hold their governments to account. If not there will be no credibility and no moral high ground from which to operate, and that's a serious loss that cannot be regained. It's already significantly diminished. [1] https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/seymour-hersh-reporter-w520927
同类还值得读
Pixar in a Box：可汗学院的皮克斯讲故事课
Pixar in a Box – Khan Academy
这篇是 Khan Academy 与 Pixar 合作的“Pixar in a Box”项目介绍，用计算机图形和动画制作来讲解数学概念。
讲故事与叙事2015 · 753 分 · 65 评4 条写作要点编辑精选皮克斯的讲故事法则
Pixar's Rules of Storytelling (2013)
这是皮克斯动画工作室流传甚广的 22 条讲故事法则清单，从“从前有个___，每天___，有一天___”的骨架，到如何重写自己讨厌的作品。
讲故事与叙事2018 · 513 分 · 74 评4 条写作要点编辑精选皮克斯通过可汗学院提供免费在线讲故事课程
Pixar offers free online lessons in storytelling via Khan Academy
这篇报道介绍皮克斯与可汗学院合作的免费在线课程《讲故事的艺术》，把皮克斯内部的故事创作方法公开给普通学习者。
讲故事与叙事2017 · 503 分 · 93 评4 条写作要点编辑精选用皮克斯的故事公式说服投资人
Use Pixar's story formula to win over investors
这篇文章借用皮克斯的故事公式（以《海底总动员》为例）来示范如何给投资人讲创业路演故事：先讲目标、再讲障碍、最后讲改变。
讲故事与叙事2021 · 439 分 · 188 评4 条写作要点编辑精选贝索斯如何把叙事变成亚马逊的竞争优势
Jeff Bezos Turned Narrative into Amazon's Competitive Advantage
这篇讲杰夫·贝索斯如何把“六页叙事备忘录”变成亚马逊的管理与竞争优势：用可独立阅读的叙述性文档替代口头汇报和 PowerPoint。
讲故事与叙事2019 · 435 分 · 181 评4 条写作要点编辑精选