语言与文风2018cse.buffalo.edu
“Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo.”这句话的历史(1999—2015)
A History of the Sentence "Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo." (1999-2015)
导读
这篇文章追溯了著名句子“Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo.”在1999至2015年间的讨论史,核心是同一个词如何因词性和句法角色不同而组成合法却难解的句子。对写作者来说,它提醒我们:句法歧义、标点和结构边界会直接影响读者理解,文字游戏也能训练对语言结构的敏感度。
可以直接用的写作要点
- 01
同形词在不同句法位置会产生歧义,写作时要警惕读者把同一个词理解成不同角色。
- 02
标点、引号和断句是消解歧义的重要工具,尤其在专名、连词和重复词混排时。
- 03
长句不要依赖读者自行补全结构;如果一句话需要反复解释才能读懂,就应改写或拆分。
- 04
可以把这类文字游戏当作句法敏感度训练,但正式写作仍应把清晰表达放在首位。
HN 评论精选
用一连串同形词和引号例子说明句法歧义,以及标点如何改变理解。
另一个喜欢的例子:如果警察监管警察,谁来监管警察?警察监管警察,警察监管警察。还有:James,当John已经说过“had”时,他说了“had had”;“had had”对老师的效果更好。Martin Gardner也有一个很棒的例子:如果引号放在Fish之前、在Fish和and之间、and和And之间、And和and之间、and和And之间、And和and之间、and和Chips之间,以及Chips之后,那么“我想在我的Fish-And-Chips招牌上,在Fish and And and And and Chips这些词之间加一个连字符”会不会更清楚?
yesbabyyes查看英文原文
Another favorite: If police police police police, who police police police? Police police police police police police. And: James, while John had had "had", had had "had had"; "had had" had had a better effect on the teacher. Also, of course Martin Gardner came up with a great one: Wouldn't the sentence "I want to put a hyphen between the words Fish and And and And and Chips in my Fish-And-Chips sign" have been clearer if quotation marks had been placed before Fish, and between Fish and and, and and and And, and And and and, and and and And, and And and and, and and and Chips, as well as after Chips?
不同语言都能用重复字或同形词制造句法歧义。
日语也有类似版本:子子子子子子子子子子子子。大意是“猫之子是小猫,狮之子是幼狮”(英语里没有专门表示幼狮的词)。
durkie查看英文原文
There's also a Japanese version of this: 子子子子子子子子子子子子 Unfortunately I can only find a Spanish language Wikipedia article about it (https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neko_no_ko_koneko,_shishi_no_ko_kojishi) but its roughly "kitten is the son of the cat, 'puppy' is the son of the lion" (we don't really have an English word for baby lion)
德语复合词能层层嵌套,说明词界和结构对理解至关重要。
还可看这个德语复合词:Rhababerbarbarabarbarbarenbartbarbierbierbarbärbel,大致可译为“她是大黄芭芭拉酒吧的芭比,那里出售为酒吧里野蛮人服务的胡须理发师的啤酒”。
codeulike查看英文原文
See also the German compound word: Rhababerbarbarabarbarbarenbartbarbierbierbarbärbel Which roughly translates to 'She's the Barbie of the bar where the beer of the beard barber for the barbarians of Rhubarb Barbara's bar is sold' Explanation video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3_tRPRt9x8 (in German, translation in video description)
这类例子可以当作训练句法敏感度和文字游戏感的素材。
有一个专门收集这类文字游戏的subreddit,值得一看;里面还有“史上最长word avalanche”等例子。
alexmorenodev查看英文原文
There's an entire subreddit dedicated to these things. Definitely worth a check. https://www.reddit.com/r/WordAvalanches/ EDIT: Adding some good examples: https://www.reddit.com/r/WordAvalanches/comments/3ogese/a_swindler_passes_by_a_bird_in_the_stairwell_of/ https://www.reddit.com/r/WordAvalanches/comments/6so5w4/the_longest_word_avalanche_ever_at_1366_chars_261/
同类还值得读
像说话一样写作
Write like you talk
这篇短文主张写作应像说话一样自然、清晰,避免装腔作势的书面腔。
语言与文风2015 · 647 分 · 272 评4 条写作要点编辑精选法律语言难懂源于写作不佳,而非专业概念
Poor writing, not specialized concepts, drives difficulty with legal language
这是一项认知科学研究:法律文本难懂,主要不是因为充斥专业术语,而是因为写作者把句子写得又长又绕、修饰语层层嵌套、回指距离过远。
语言与文风2022 · 559 分 · 322 评5 条写作要点编辑精选写得简单
Write Simply
保罗·格拉汉姆在这篇短文里主张:好文章应该写得简单——用日常词汇、短句、直白的结构,不为显得聪明而堆砌复杂表达。
语言与文风2021 · 484 分 · 330 评4 条写作要点编辑精选Tortured phrases:科学写作中出现的一种可疑文风
Tortured phrases: A dubious writing style emerging in science
《自然》新闻报道了一种在科学论文中蔓延的怪现象:原本标准的术语被同义替换软件改写成了古怪说法,比如把 "cloud computing" 写成 "haze figuring"。
语言与文风2021 · 329 分 · 256 评4 条写作要点编辑精选乔治·奥威尔 1940 年对《我的奋斗》的书评
George Orwell's review of Mein Kampf (1940)
这是奥威尔1940年对《我的奋斗》的书评。
语言与文风2014 · 305 分 · 240 评4 条写作要点编辑精选