写作与思考2010blogs.discovermagazine.com
15分钟写作练习缩小了大学物理成绩的性别差距
15-minute writing exercise closes the gender gap in university-level physics
导读
这篇报道介绍一项研究：在物理课开始时进行15分钟“写自己的价值观”的写作练习，似乎能缩小大学物理成绩的性别差距。值得写作者读，因为它展示了短写作干预如何与自我肯定、刻板印象威胁和学习焦虑发生关系，同时也提醒我们谨慎看待实验设计与因果结论。
可以直接用的写作要点
- 01
短写作任务可以被设计成自我肯定干预：让写作者写自己在意的价值观，可能缓解刻板印象威胁和考试焦虑。
- 02
写作任务的内容对比很关键：写自己的价值观与写他人的价值观可能产生不同效果，设计时要明确写什么、为谁写。
- 03
评估写作干预不能只看结果均值，要设无写作对照组、关注样本量和群体差异，避免把相关性当因果。
- 04
把写作安排在真实课堂或测试环境中，可能比课外练习更能影响焦虑和表现；写作可作为一种低风险的非测试练习。
HN 评论精选
对写作干预效果持怀疑态度，强调需要重复实验、考虑伦理和替代解释。
我仍然非常怀疑。若相信这个结论，就等于说在15周课程开始时做15分钟写作练习——写“你的价值观”而不是写“他人的价值观”——会让女性在期末显著更好地理解普通物理，或让男性显著更差。我可以推测机制，但最好等同一效应在不同地点和时间被重复验证。另一方面，如果要重复实验，就得考虑：若你有理由相信它会妨碍男学生学习物理，强迫男学生做这个写作练习是否道德。我的替代假设是：来上物理课的有能力的男学生被要求做这种“写你的价值观”的傻练习，感到受冒犯，于是退课转去别的。
hugh3查看英文原文
I remain really skeptical. If you believe this, then doing a fifteen-minute writing exercise at the start of a fifteen week course in which you "write about your values" rather than a different fifteen-minute writing exercise where you "write about other peoples values" leads you to understand introductory physics significantly better at the end, if you're a woman, or understand introductory physics significantly worse, if you're a man. I could start speculating on mechanisms for this, but I think it's better to wait until the same effect has been replicated in a different place and a different time (and let's hope that none of those future test subjects have read this article or else they'll know what's up). On the other hand, if one were to repeat this experiment one would have to wonder whether it's ethical to force male students to do a writing exercise if you have reason to believe that it will hinder their ability to learn physics. Update: My alternative hypothesis is that all the competent male students who showed up for a Physics class and were given a silly "write about your values" exercise got so offended by such a frou-frou exercise in what was supposed to be a physics class that they dropped out and enrolled in something else.
写作或非测试练习可能通过降低焦虑起作用，但样本量、课堂环境和群体差异都会影响效果。
结果有点奇怪，男性分数下降了，但我怀疑这跟样本量小有关（总共399人）。这说得通，尤其我认识的不少人因考试焦虑而觉得自己笨，我妻子也是。这类“非考试”练习可能帮到不少人：它们和真实考试在同一个物理地点，却打破了习惯性焦虑，因为几乎没什么风险。别处的练习测试不共享课堂环境，而有证据表明地点会影响记忆和情绪，所以它们对抗焦虑的效果大概也有限。原文还显示男性分数分布几乎没变化，而女性在B、C档变化很大（A档几乎没变——不意外，本来没有测试问题的人没有收获）。
Groxx查看英文原文
Odd results, with the male scores dropping, but I suspect that merely has to do with a small sample size (399 in the whole set). This makes sense, especially as a number of people I know feel stupid because they have test anxiety. My wife included. "Non-"tests such as these seem like they could help quite a few, as they have the exact same physical location as real tests, but break the trend of habitual anxiety because little to nothing is on the line. Practice tests elsewhere don't share the classroom setting, and there's quite a bit of evidence that location influences memory / emotion, so it would seem they should be about as effective as they are at combating anxiety (ie: not much, and not for many (anecdotally)). edit: <strikeout>Though, to be potentially inflammatory, this does seem to support the opposite stereotype of men having more control over (non-anger-based) emotions than women. Especially when you look at the original article (linked below by Locke1689: http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=1943596), and see almost no difference in score distribution for men but huge changes for women in the B and C categories (A had almost no change - surprise, surprise, the ones without testing problems showed no gain).</strikeout>
缺少“无写作练习”的对照组，因果结论需要更谨慎。
我很想看到完全没有写作练习的控制组结果。
rfugger查看英文原文
I'd be interested in seeing the results for a control group that wasn't given any writing exercise at all.
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