写作方法2021davidallengreen.com
法律文书起草与计算机编程
Legal Drafting and Computer Programming
导读
这篇文章纪念英国计算机先驱 Clive Sinclair,探讨法律文书起草与计算机编程的相似之处:两者都要求用高度精确的语言表达逻辑,每个词都有其存在的目的。对写作者来说,这是一个很好的视角——把法律写作当作一种“编程”来理解精确表达的功夫。
可以直接用的写作要点
- 01
精确写作的核心是每个词都有目的:被选中而非其他词,也而非没有词——删掉多余、补上缺失、纠正错误。
- 02
法律文书和代码一样,语法错误会造成实际后果,因此写作时要像程序员对待语法一样对待措辞。
- 03
用高度精确的'伪英语'写作是一种可训练的能力,值得在日常写作中刻意练习。
- 04
写作的清晰度要服务于读者:法律必须让被约束者能理解,任何牺牲可读性的'精确'都是失败的。
HN 评论精选
法律写作与编程本质相同,都是精确语言写作,只是法律缺乏代码那样的即时验证手段。
我是从程序员转行做合同律师、又转回程序员的人。别人常问我为什么从法律转回软件。我的回答是:这两份工作的核心其实是一回事——你花大量时间用高度精确的'伪英语'写作,语法错误会给你带来麻烦。最大的区别在于:软件你只需运行它、观察输出,而法律要验证代码的含义,得走好几年的法院诉讼程序。
andrewfong查看英文原文
I'm a coder turned contract lawyer turned coder again. People often ask me why I switched from law back to software. My answer: The meat of the job is basically the same thing. You spend a lot of time writing things in highly precise pseudo-English where syntax errors can get you in trouble. The biggest difference is that with software, you spend a lot less time arguing what the code does. You just run the damn thing and observe the output. With law, that requires a multi-year journey through the court system.
设想为法律文本开发'编译器/linter'来检测歧义,但难点在于法律必须对普通人保持可读。
我在想能不能给法律文本做一个编译器或 linter,比如'警告:这个逗号存在歧义解释的可能'。但自然语言天生不适合写无歧义的文本,而任何需要学习的人造语言又有问题,因为法律必须让被约束者能看懂。不过也许可以设计一种对普通人比法律术语更清晰、且能解析成 S 表达式的法律 DSL。再往大了想,也许还能有工具提示'警告:这部法律表面上违反第一修正案'。这可能太科幻了,但如果有生之年能看到计算机生成的法庭之友书状就太好了。
hirundo查看英文原文
I wonder if some kind of compiler/linter is possible for legal text. Like, "Warning: this comma is subject to ambiguous interpretation." But natural languages are poor candidates to use for composing unambiguous text, and any artificial language that you have to learn would be a problem, since it's critical that law is comprehensible to those it governs. On the other hand, it may be possible to construct a legal DSL that is more clear to the layman than the predominant legal jargon, and can be parsed into an S-expression. And if we can dream about unambiguous law, we can dream bigger, about a compiler or linter that could extract more conceptual flaws, like "Warning: this law would facially violate the First Amendment", or "this law creates an incentive structure that may cancel its intentions." This is probably too sci-fi to happen in my lifetime, but if I'm lucky maybe I'll live to see computer generated Friend of the Court briefs. We may be on the road to that with computer assisted analysis of historical language corpora to help determine original meanings.
用伪代码演示合同结构,展示法律文书与程序逻辑的对应关系。
用粗略的伪代码写一份合同:导入当事人、合同、模板条款、管辖权模块;定义当事人一(有限公司)、当事人二(自然人)、期限一年;然后 try 循环——期限内一方履约则另一方付款并履约;catch 违约——确定过错方,由过错方在责任限额内赔偿,无过错方可选择终止;最后设置排他管辖、套用模板条款。我是律师也是程序员,可以整晚扩展下去,有人想补充义务、终止、保密条款吗?
james_in_the_uk查看英文原文
In rough & ready pseudocode: from law_of_england_and_wales import persons, contract, boilerplate, jurisdiction define party1 = persons(type:ltd, with_registration_no: 12345) define party2 = persons(type:natural, with_name:"Chris", with_address: "Acacia Avenue") define term = 1 year try: while date < term { if party1.dosomethings then party2.pay(agreed_price) && party2.dosomethings } catch breach: party_at_fault=breach.causing_party() party_not_at_fault=(if party_at_fault == party1 ? party1 : party2) party_at_fault.pay(if damages < limitationofliability ? damages : limitationofliability) if party_not_at_fault.chooses(terminate()) juridiction.set_jurisdiction(exclusive_mode) boilerplate.apply I could go all evening at expanding this. Anyone fancy adding obligations, termination, confi etc.? Source: I am a lawyer and a coder.
精确到每个词都有目的的说话方式是一种令人着迷的稀有能力。
'对律师来说,正式法律文件中的每个词都有(或应该有)其目的:它是被选中来替代其他词的,也是替代'没有这个词'的。'我认识一些能以这种方式自由交谈的人——不是说像律师那样,而是没有缺词、没有错词、没有多余的词。我一直惊叹于这种能力,觉得这种说话风格令人着迷。
11thEarlOfMar查看英文原文
"For the lawyer, each word in a formal legal document has (or should have) a purpose: it has been chosen instead of other words, and also instead of no words at all." I know people who can engage in free-form conversation in this manner. Not to say like a lawyer, but where there are no words missing, no words incorrect, and no words superflous. I've marvelled at that ability and find that style of speaking mesmerizing.
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