讲故事与叙事2009newsless.org编辑精选
新闻故事的三个关键部分，你通常看不到
The 3 key parts of news stories you usually don’t get
导读
这是 2009 年一篇讨论新闻报道结构性缺失的文章：记者通常只给你事件本身，却省略了“长期存在的事实背景”和“记者如何知道这些信息”两部分，读者因此难以判断新闻是否可信。对写作者来说，它提醒我们：任何叙事都有隐含的取舍，主动补上背景与信息来源，才能让读者真正理解并信任你的故事。
可以直接用的写作要点
- 01
采用倒金字塔结构时先给最重要信息，但别因此把必要的背景事实全部删掉——被砍掉的常常正是读者理解所需的上下文。
- 02
交代“我怎么知道的”：注明信息来源、采访对象和资料出处，让读者能自行核查，这是建立可信度的最低成本。
- 03
注意新颖性与重要性的区别：一件事“新”不等于“重要”，写作时要警惕被事件性牵着走，忽略长期存在的真问题。
- 04
意识到自己的解释立场：选择哪些事实、用何种框架呈现，本身就是立场，写作时应主动向读者说明自己的视角来源。
HN 评论精选
倒金字塔和版面限制决定了什么被写进新闻，网络释放空间后，被删的背景信息才有机会呈现。
这些可以用媒体的“把关人理论”来解释：记者面对海量信息，必须决定哪些最重要。正式做法是倒金字塔结构——最重要的先说，越往后越次要，理论上故事在任何一处截断都能传达核心新闻。故事在哪里结束取决于“新闻洞”（可用来填充新闻的版面空间），而互联网的美妙之处在于消除了许多传统上限制版面的因素（主要是广告能支撑的空间）。也正因空间充裕，那些被砍掉的信息才能被分享出来；而且写长文往往比写短文容易，很多内容本就存在于早期草稿中、因版面被删，不删反而既多给信息又省时间。
JacobAldridge查看英文原文
These really fit into what is known as the Gatekeeper Theory of the media; that is, a journalist receives billions of points of information and has to decide which are the most important to share. Formally, this is done through an Inverted Pyramid style of news story writing - the most important information is communicated first, and the further into the story you go the less important the information is. In theory (and like anything, in practice things like personal experience and bias come into play) this means the story can be ended at any point and the most important news will be conveyed. Where the story ends depends on News Hole (also what a lot of bloggers probably call MSM journos). This is the amount of space that needs to be / can be filled with news. The beauty of the internet is that it removes many of the factors that traditionally limit newshole, primarily the amount of space that can be supported by advertising. And ultimately, it's this final point which may address the '3 key parts' identified in this article. When space is abundant, that information can be shared. And since it's often easier to write a longer article than a shorter one, in many cases the information discussed exists in early drafts and is later cut for space, meaning a lack of cutting provides extra information while actually saving time. Don't get me started on the Janus view of the press, and how it will influence online media, however. Credentials - Australian Press Council Prize Winner 2000; University of Queensland Journalism Prize Winner 2002. Google or Wikipedia key terms to find links to more detailed papers.
新闻以新颖性而非重要性为标准，导致重要但无新进展的议题被系统性忽略。
新闻完全建立在“新颖性”之上，而新颖性与娱乐性的关联远大于与重要性的关联。你不仅会漏掉报道中至关重要的背景信息，还会整体错过那些很重要但恰好没有新进展的故事。数万人死于癌症或车祸不算新闻，而恐怖袭击中一个人死亡不仅是头版新闻，还足以让人把生活天翻地覆。大众对“什么重要、什么不重要”的观念严重错位，这多半是人性的问题，但新闻业无疑在强化它。
extension查看英文原文
News is based entirely on novelty, which is much more closely tied to entertainment than it is to importance. Not only do you miss out on the all important background information for reported stories, but you miss out on very important stories all together if there doesn't happen to be anything new about them. Tens of thousands of people dying of cancer or car crashes is not news, but a single person dying in a terrorist attack is not only front page news, but a reason to turn your life upside down. Popular notions of what matters and what doesn't are really screwed up. That's largely human nature, but Journalism certainly reinforces it.
记者应像研究者一样标注信息来源与背景材料，署名和资历同样影响读者对报道的判断。
这篇很好地总结了我对报纸文章的不满。自从学会做真正的研究后，我就一直对新闻报道方式有意见，论点主要有两个：一是缺乏语境，可拆成文章说的“长期存在的事实”和“记者如何知道他们所知道的”；二是美联社的垄断（不过反垄断的论点并不只适用于新闻界）。读报纸文章时我有很多疑问。最糟的情况是一篇不署名作者的美联社稿件——搞什么？作者的资历和背景（包括过往文章）在某些情况下非常重要，至少能让我知道他们的立场从何而来。任何写论文的技术研究者都必须提供参考文献才会被认真对待，记者也应有义务标注背景材料：如果断章取义地引用，应告诉我完整讨论在哪里；如果有重要的历史背景，也应给出资料出处。
biotech查看英文原文
This is a great summary of the problems that I have with newspaper articles. I've had a problem with the way news was reported ever since I learned to do real research. usually, my argument revolves around two points: - Lack of Context; this actually can be split into the first two points that this article makes: "The longstanding facts" and "How journalists know what they know". - The Monopoly of the Associated Press. The argument against monopoly is hardly unique to the press, though. When I read an article in the newspaper, there are many questions that come to my mind. In the worst case scenario, I'm reading an AP article which omits the author's name. WTF? The author's credentials and background (including their history of previous articles) are very important in certain cases (and at the least gives me some idea of where they are coming from). Any technical researcher who writes a paper must provide references to be taken seriously. Journalists should also have some obligation to cite background materials. If they take a quote out of context, they should tell me where I can find the full discussion. If there is some important historical background to the story, I'd like a reference to that information as well.
除了信息来源，读者还需要知道记者的解释立场与背景，否则无法真正理解报道。
作者对知识局限的论述很好：记者很少思考自己的论点有多容易出错。作者也很好地强调，读者至少要知道一点新闻是如何生产出来的，这能让读者更有把握评估报道的可信度。但作者没有涉及“解释”问题：记者总是从个人立场出发写作。这带来几个问题：记者能写出“中立”的新闻吗？她的政治与文化背景如何影响报道？她该如何向读者说明这些背景？只知道记者“如何知道”是不够的，我还想了解她的解释框架，才能理解她写的新闻。
jollojou查看英文原文
The author of the article has a good point on the limits of knowledge: journalists seldom ponder their argument's proneness to fallacy. The author also well emphasises that it is important to have at least a little bit of information about how the news story was created. This gives the reader a greater possibility to assess the plausibility of the story. However, the author did not cover the issue of interpretation: the journalist always writes from her personal standpoint. This raises several questions: can the journalist write "neutral" news stories? how her political and cultural background affects the news story? how could she clarify the background for the reader? Knowing how the journalists know what they know is not enough. I would like to know something about the journalist's scheme of interpretation in order to understand the news story she wrote.
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