小说与文学2016theparisreview.org
卡斯特罗治下的古巴文学
Literature in Castro’s Cuba
导读
文章围绕卡斯特罗执政下的古巴文学与出版环境,借其20世纪60年代访谈审视“言论自由”承诺与现实制度之间的落差。对写作者而言,它展示了政治权力如何塑造出版、审查与文学命运,也提醒我们:引用公开言论时,要把它放回具体的历史后果中检验。
可以直接用的写作要点
- 01
引用当事人原话后,用其执政后果和制度现实形成反衬,比直接下判断更有说服力。
- 02
把抽象的“言论自由”落到出版资源、书籍黑名单、互联网接入等具体机制上,论述才不空泛。
- 03
用简短时间线和关键数字(如“两年”“从两个人到击败独裁者”)增强叙事张力。
- 04
写争议人物时,可以先承认其某方面的能力或魅力,再展开批评,避免文章变成单薄站队。
HN 评论精选
卡斯特罗口头支持言论自由,却以“资源不足”为限制,并拒绝让公民接入互联网,显示其承诺与现实的矛盾。
我承认对年轻的卡斯特罗有某种钦佩。他领导了可能是历史上最成功的游击战:大约两年内,他从只有两个人、被困在烟草田里的队伍,发展到击败一个由世界最强军队支持的独裁者。某种程度上他是终极“创业英雄”——从零到世界级颠覆者。尽管如此,他的政府显然辜负了他在这次60年代采访中鼓吹的所有理想。例如,他赞成言论自由——只要人人都有出版手段。他说:终有一天所有资源都会具备,届时出版这样一本书不会损害教科书或世界文学中具有普遍价值的书;那时将有资源依据更宽泛的标准出版书籍,人们可以就任何主题争论任何自己想说的。我尤其赞成知识领域尽可能广泛的讨论。为什么?因为我相信自由的人,相信受过良好教育的人,相信能够思考的人,相信始终出于信念而行动、不惧任何事物的人。而且我相信思想必须能够自我辩护。我反对书籍黑名单、被禁影片以及诸如此类的东西。好吧,互联网恰好成了这种媒介,但卡斯特罗从未认为适合让本国公民接入。他和他的同志们只是……
pavlov查看英文原文
I confess to some degree of admiration towards young Castro. He led possibly the most successful guerrilla war in history. In about two years, he went from having an army of exactly two people stranded in a tobacco field to defeating a dictator supported by the world's strongest army. (In a way he is the ultimate "startup hero" -- from zero to world-class disruptor!) That said, his government has clearly failed all the ideals he touts in this '60s interview. For example, he speaks in favour of freedom of expression -- if only the means were there for everybody to get published: "The day will come when all the resources will be available, that is, when such a book would not be published to the detriment of a textbook or of a book having universal value in world literature. Then there will be resources to publish books on the basis of a broader criterion, and one will be able to argue whatever one wishes about any theme. I, especially, am a partisan of the widest possible discussion in the intellectual realm. Why? Because I believe in the free man, I believe in the well-educated man, I believe in the man able to think, in the man who acts always out of conviction, without fear of any kind. And I believe that ideas must be able to defend themselves. I am opposed to the blacklists of books, prohibited films, and all such things." Well, the Internet became just that medium, but Castro never deemed fit to give access to the citizens of his country. He and his comrades are just too old to get it. They should have made room for new generations long ago instead of clinging to power and the illusion of their own indispensability. Their extended single-party reign has crippled the Cuban economy more than any sanctions could.
批评卡斯特罗的言论虚伪,认为其意识形态造成国家衰败和思想禁锢,而官方话语几十年未变。
卡斯特罗在这次采访中说的废话多得可笑。他的意识形态和理论毁了一个国家,囚禁了数百万公民的思想。最可笑的是,将近60年后古巴一片狼藉,政府仍然这样说话。
rayrod2030查看英文原文
The amount of BS that Castro spouts during this interview is laughable. His ideology and theories have ruined a nation and imprisoned the minds of millions of it's citizens. The funniest part of all is that almost 60 years later Cuba is in shambles and the government still speaks in this way.
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