讲故事与叙事2020sciencemag.org
一则原住民古老火山传说是最古老的故事吗？
Is an Aboriginal tale of an ancient volcano the oldest story ever told?
导读
这篇报道讲澳大利亚原住民关于 Budj Bim 火山的口述传说，可能记录了约 3.7 万年前的一次喷发，因此被称为“最古老的故事”。值得写作者一读，因为它追问一个根本问题：故事能穿越多少代人的时间保存真实信息，而我们又凭借什么判断一个传说是“编的”还是“记得的”。
可以直接用的写作要点
- 01
口述传统可以跨越数万年传递真实事件，不要把“讲故事”只当成娱乐，它是最古老的记忆技术。
- 02
判断一个传说是否源自真实事件，要看它能否与地质证据、人群居住年代对上，而不是看它听起来多神奇。
- 03
“解释地貌为何如此”的起源故事最容易被后人附会出来，写作时要分清“解释现状”和“记录事件”这两类叙事。
- 04
谁的故事被称作“神话”、谁的故事被称作“历史”，往往由权力决定；写作时值得留意这种叙事偏见。
HN 评论精选
贬低他人的故事，常常是为了给掠夺找正当理由。
澳大利亚有一段令人悲哀的历史：把原住民当作一群野蛮人。这种看法最初是一种扭曲现实的借口，用来为夺取他们的土地辩护，在塔斯马尼亚甚至为彻底灭绝他们辩护。这种不正当的动机今天依然存在——因为承认在英国殖民之前就存在一个有漫长历史的完整文明，就等于承认我们是一个道德上破产的国家，还会引出赔偿的讨论。
Gatsky查看英文原文
There is a sad history in Australia of treating the indigenous population as nothing more than a bunch of savages. This had its origins as a kind of reality distortion to justify taking their land and in some cases, exterminating them entirely as happened in Tasmania. There is still this perverse incentive today, since acknowledging that there was a full blown civilisation with a very long history present before English colonisation means we are a morally bankrupt nation, and also invites discussion of reparations.
关键问题是：一个传说凭什么被认定为记忆而非后编的来历。
我很好奇而非质疑：科学家如何区分“解释火山为何出现”的故事和“记录火山如何形成”的故事？相比之下，有很多故事讲保罗·班扬如何造出各种湖泊山川，那些显然是给现有地貌编出来的来历。我找不到 Budj Bim 故事的复述版本——它有没有和保罗·班扬的故事本质不同的地方？还是说，只因为当地人群在此已居住四万年，所以这些故事有可能真那么古老？
jbattle查看英文原文
I ask this question out of more curiosity than skepticism, but how do the scientists in this article distinguish between stories that explain the 'appearance' of the volcano vs. the 'formation' of the volcano? As a point of comparison, there are a lot of stories about how Paul Bunyan created various lakes, mountains, and valleys. These are clearly invented backstories for part of the existing landscape. I can't find a retelling of the Budj Bim story - are there elements of the story that are qualitatively different from stories about Paul Bunyan? Or is it more that the local population has been in place for 40k years so these stories could be that old?
口述传统是被严重低估的文明成就，值得写作者学习。
一直关注原住民历史的人早就知道，他们的文明远比我们愿意承认的丰富。他们有数万年里世界上最大的贸易网络，有保障部落间和平的“密钥交换”式约定，用火耕作和驯化整块澳洲大陆，把这里变成自我更新的乐园。他们至今还守着人类最古老的、仍在产出的矿场 Wilgie Mia（三万年），世界上第一所“学校” Gabarnmung（三万五千年）也在殖民时期荒废数十年后重新交还给传统主人。正如文章所说，他们拥有任何人群中最长的口述历史记录——三万七千年讲同一批故事，而我们欧洲人连两百年都很难做到。
fit2rule查看英文原文
Anyone paying attention to the FNP saga, have known for a long time that there is more to the tale of their civilisation than we have been willing to admit. The FNP had the worlds largest trading network for tens of thousands of years. They had a form of crypto key exchange which guaranteed peace between the tribes. They farmed and tamed the landmass of the Australian continent with fire, turning it into a self-replenishing paradise for many millennia. They still operate human-kinds oldest, productive ore mine - Wilgie Mia, 30,000 years old. Theirs was the first school in the world - Gabarnmung, 35,000 years old - recently re-opened for the traditional owners after a few decades of neglect during colonisation. As the article states, they have the longest record of history passed down through oral tradition of any human group - 37,000 years is a long time to be telling the same stories. We (Europeans) can hardly do it for 200 years .. There is so much to learn from these people - alas, it requires a very bright, scientific mind to do so, because the prejudice against them has been so rigidly enforced in modern Australian culture that it is an uphill battle. However, I would really encourage anyone with an interest in the longest history of humankind, to learn a few of the FNP's songs and stories. They are truly an amazing civilisation.
其他原住民传说与地质事件对应，可作为旁证。
补充两个参照：俄勒冈州 Crater Lake 附近的原住民，也流传着关于约八千年前那次火山喷发的故事。
davidw查看英文原文
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Mazama#Human_history https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater_Lake#Sacred_significance the indigenous peoples near Crater Lake in Oregon have passed down stories relating to its eruption nearly 8000 years ago.
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